The X chromosome still closely resembles an autosome but the Y has undergone dramatic modification. Cartoon X chromosome, left and Y chromosome rightĪlong time ago X and Y chromosomes began life as autosomes – these are chromosomes not involved in determining sex that come in pairs, one originating from each parent. Recent studies have highlighted lineage-specific and general evolutionary mechanisms for the Y chromosome and have questioned our understanding of X chromosome inactivation. The two chromosomes have taken different evolutionary trajectories resulting in differing genomic compositions. In humans, sex is determined by the sex chromosomes present in the genome females have two X chromosomes (XX) whilst males have an X and a Y (XY). Other species change sex throughout their lifetime. Whilst in many species sex is determined genetically, environmental factors such as temperature or even social variables such as size can influence the fate of an organism’s sex. Throughout evolution many mechanisms to determine sex have arisen. How to revise biology: remembering abbreviationsĭarwin’s cousin – the man who made a beauty map of Britain Search for: The Gene: An intimate history ~ Siddhartha Mukherjee Get transcribed in style: The CTD that everyone’s talking aboutĬentrosomes, not centromeres, and error-correcting kinetochores Time to re-write the textbooks? How DNA is really packed inside the nucleus. The sex chromosomes – Y is there a Y and the great X-scapeĪ sticky situation – pyruvate kinase aggregates when stressed Promote the enhancer to enhance the promoter Trick and TREAT: Visualising mRNA turnover A new role for eIF4A and more methyl modificationsĬhIPping transcription: how to map R-loops GUARDIN the genome a lncRNA unites p53, telomeres and miRNAsĭo ribosomes form queues: tailORFs regulate translation
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